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Our brains are still evolving |
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Our brains are still evolving, scientists say
Sept. 8, 2005
Courtesy University of Chicago Medical Center
and World Science staff
Human evolution, researchers say, is still under way, in what has become our most important organ: the brain.
In two papers published in the Sept. 9 issue of the research journal Science, the scientists report that two genes linked to brain size are rapidly evolving in humans.
“Our studies indicate that the trend that is the defining characteristic of human evolution – the growth of brain size and complexity – is likely still going on,” said the lead researcher for both papers, Bruce Lahn of the University of Chicago and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Md.“Meanwhile, our environment and the skills we need to survive in it are changing faster then we ever imagined. I would expect the human brain, which has done well by us so far, will continue to adapt to those changes.”
Evolution, Lahn explained, occurs when some individuals acquire a genetic mutation that spreads through the population because it helps those who carry it to survive or reproduce.
“We’re seeing two examples of such a spread in progress,” he said. “In each case, it’s a spread of a new genetic variant in a gene that controls brain size. This variant is clearly favored by natural selection,” the evolutionary process through which nature favors the spread of particular genes.
Lahn had previously found that there was accelerated evolution in numerous human genes. These include genes called microcephalin and abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated gene.
Both these genes affect brain size and therefore “were good candidates to look for signatures of selection. We indeed found such signatures when we compared humans to other species,” Lahn said. “As a natural extension of that, we asked, could it be that selection on these genes is still ongoing in humans?”
The researchers looked at variations of the two genes within modern humans. They found evidence that the two genes have continued to evolve. For each gene, one class of variants has arisen recently and has been spreading rapidly because it is favored by selection, Lahn and colleagues said.
For microcephalin, the new variant class emerged about 37,000 years ago and now shows up in about 70 percent of present-day humans. For the other gene, the new variant class arose about 5,800 years ago and now shows up in approximately 30 percent of today’s humans, the researchers reported.
These time windows are extraordinarily short in evolutionary terms, indicating that the new variants were subject to intense selection pressure that drove up their frequencies quickly – both well after the emergence of modern humans about 200,000 years ago.
Each variant emerged around the same time as the advent of “cultural” behaviors, the researchers added.
The microcephalin variant appears along with the emergence of such traits as art and music, religious practices and sophisticated tool-making techniques, which date back to about 50,000 years ago. The other variant coincides with the oldest-known civilization, Mesopotamia, which dates back to 7000 BC.
“Microcephalin,” the authors wrote in one of the papers, “has continued its trend of adaptive evolution beyond the emergence of anatomically modern humans. If selection indeed acted on a brain-related phenotype (physical characteristic), there could be several possibilities, including brain size, cognition, personality, motor control or susceptibility to neurological/psychiatric diseases.”
“The next step is to find out what biological difference imparted by this genetic difference causes selection to favor that variation over the others,” Lahn said.
Both genes exist in many variations. The authors said certain variants are subject to very strong positive selection over others. To determine how common each of the variations are, the researchers surveyed more than 1,000 individuals representing 59 ethnic populations worldwide.
For each gene, the researchers found that one class of variants has two important characteristics. It is very young, which is reflected in the fact that all copies of them are almost identical, because not enough time has passed for them to diversify through evolution. And, despite recent emergence, the genes have spread rapidly.
“In a very short period of time, this class of variants arose from a single copy to many copies,” Lahn said, implying the hand of natural selection.
The team also observed geographic differences. For the new variant of abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated gene, they found that it occurs more frequently in Europeans and surrounding populations including, North Africans, Middle Easterners and South Asians. It is less common East Asians, New World Indians and sub-Saharan Africans, they found. For microcephalin, the researchers found the new variant is more abundant in populations outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
The biochemical functions of these two genes are not fully understood. There is, however, some information as to what they do. Mutations that render either gene completely nonfunctional in humans cause microcephaly, a medical condition in which the brain is much smaller than normal. In many cases there are often no other abnormalities, which indicates that these two genes play an important role in brain size.
A series of studies suggest that there is some correlation between brain size and intelligence, but with some exceptions. Although, on average, a man’s brain is 3 to 4 percent larger than a woman’s, both sexes score similarly on IQ tests.
Lahn also points out that “brain size is very heritable. Bad nutrition is typically not a factor; the brain is very privileged within the body.”
The researchers emphasize that very little is known about the impact of these variants. They may not have anything to do with cognition or intelligence.
“Just because these genes are still evolving, doesn’t necessarily mean they make you any smarter,” Lahn said. “We’ve evolved genes for selfishness, violence, cruelty – all of which are in place because they may make survival easier. But in today’s society, they’re certainly not condoned.”
Lahn and colleagues stress these studies only examine two genes, and that the genetic variations within a population are often almost as great as the differences between groups.
“If we look at multiple genes, the ethnic variations such as the ones we found are likely to be counterbalanced by other differences,” Lahn said. “It just happens that we looked at two genes for which the variants favored by selection have a higher frequency in some populations such as Europeans. It might be that for the next two brain size genes we find, the variants favored by selection will have a higher frequency in Asians or Africans.”
Scientists know of about a half dozen other genes that are primarily linked to brain size and several others that may also play a role in regulating brain size. According to Lahn, these are all primary candidates for learning more about human evolution.
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